Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending health facility in Osogbo, Nigeria

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women has a high rate of vertical transmission and consequential effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care services in Osogbo, Nigeria. Methodology This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending routine antenatal care clinic between April and June 2021. Systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 240 pregnant women, their data were collected by face to face interview using a pretested questionnaire, while blood sample was collected aseptically to determine hepatitis B surface antigen by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test kit. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association between explanatory variables and outcome variable. Results The mean age and seroprevalence of the study population were 27.50 ± 4.4 years and 5.8% respectively. The significant risk factors for HBV infection were tattooing (aOR = 5.22; 95% CI = 0.52­8.01; p = 0.0000), history of multiple sexual partners (aOR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.92­12.42; p = 0.0044); and past history of contact with HBV patient (aOR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.21­15.32; p = 0.0310) were significant predictors of HBV infection. Conclusion The seroprevalence of HBV from this study was of intermediate endemicity. We therefore, advocate for continuous health education programs on the mode of HBV transmission, high-risk behaviors and methods of preventions at antenatal care clinics to raise the awareness of mothers and limit the spread of infection.

Conjunctivitis epidemiological profile in an ophthalmological service in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza - Ceará ­ Brazil / Perfil epidemiológico da conjuntivite em um serviço oftalmológico na região metropolitana de Fortaleza - Ceará ­ Brasil

Objective: to evaluate the seasonal and endemic characteristics of conjunctivitis at the ophthalmology service of the Leiria de Andrade Foundation (FLA) in the last ten years to trace the epidemiological profile of conjunctivitis in Fortaleza - CE. Methods: this was a descriptive and epidemiological study based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, retrospectively, from January to December 2012 to 2019, with a projection for the years 2020 and 2021. Results: 107,778 medical records were analysed, with endemic and seasonal fluctuation, being the months of October to December more frequent in the intervals of the highest incidence of the disease. Two peaks were notorious, one with epidemic characteristics, from July 2013 to November 2014, and the other with outbreak characteristics, probably due to a national-level epidemic, between January and April 2018. The most affected age group was between 19 and 59 years, covering about 72% of cases, with no statistical difference between genders. Conclusion: according to the study data, it was possible to infer that the epidemiological scenario of Fortaleza - CE is in line with the literature regarding age range and sex. The endemicity of the disease reinforces its relevance in the scenario of the Unified Health System (SUS) of the region.

Objetivo: avaliar as características sazonais e endêmicas da conjuntivite no serviço de oftalmologia da Fundação Leiria de Andrade (FLA) nos últimos 10 anos, a fim de traçar o perfil epidemiológico da conjuntivite em Fortaleza - CE. Métodos: estudo descritivo e epidemiológico, com base em análise quantitativa e qualitativa, retrospectivamente, de janeiro a dezembro de 2012 a 2019, com projeção para os anos de 2020 e 2021. Resultados: foram analisados 107.778 prontuários, com variação endêmica e sazonal, estando os meses de outubro a dezembro com maior frequência dentro dos intervalos de maior incidência da doença. Notaram-se dois picos, um com características epidêmicas, de julho de 2013 a novembro de 2014, e outro com características de surto, provavelmente decorrente de uma epidemia de nível nacional entre janeiro e abril de 2018. A faixa etária mais afetada foi entre 19 e 59 anos, compreendendo cerca de 72% dos casos, sem diferença estatística entre os gêneros. Conclusão: de acordo com os dados do estudo, foi possível inferir que o cenário epidemiológico de Fortaleza - CE está de acordo com a literatura quanto à faixa etária e ao sexo. A endemicidade da doença reforça sua pesquisa no cenário do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) da região

Prevalence of infectious diseases in a municipal hospital in Belem, northern Brazil / Prevalência de doenças infecciosas em um hospital municipal em Belém, Norte do Brasil / Prevalencia de enfermedades infecciosas enun hospital municipal de Belém, norte de Brasil

Background and objectives: Infectious diseases are still a public health problem in Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in a reference hospital in the city of Belem, Para, Brazil. Methods: From May 2018 to August 2019, the number of cases of individuals with compulsory infections was observed. Results: Regarding the research period in which data were obtained from May 2018 to August 2019, a total of 263 cases were affected in the hospital and in 2019 there was an increase in the number of cases and 373 records were reported. The following results were obtained: in 2018, the highest rate of infection was caused by influenza at the rate of 17%, and in 2019 it remained at the same percentage rate and ranked secondly. Conclusion: These data are very important for the epidemiological knowledge of the population, elucidating the highest case rates and lowering other diseases related to this study, as well as their harms and treatment.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: As doenças infecciosas ainda são um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. Por isso, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de doenças infecciosas em um hospital de referência na cidade de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Métodos: Foi observado, no período de maio de 2018 a agosto de 2019, número de casos de indivíduos acometidos com infecções de caráter compulsório. Resultados: Em relação ao período da pesquisa, no qual foram obtidos os dados de maio de 2018 a agosto de 2019, os resultados apontam que, nos meses de maio a dezembro de 2018, foram acometidos 263 casos no hospital e, em 2019, houve o aumento do número de casos, sendo notificados 373 registros. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: no ano de 2018, a maior taxa de infecção foi causada pela influenza, com a taxa de 17%; em 2019, se manteve com a mesma taxa de percentual, ficando em segundo lugar. Conclusão: Esses dados são de suma importância para o conhecimento epidemiológico da população, elucidando sobre os maiores índices de casos e o decréscimo de outras doenças relacionadas a este estudo, bem como seus agravos e tratamento.(AU)

Justificacción y objetivos: las enfermedades infecciosas si guen siendoun problema de salud pública en Brasil. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de enfermedades infecciosas en un hospital de referencia en la ciudad de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Métodos: desde mayo de 2018 hasta agosto de 2019, se observó el número de casos de personas con infecciones obligatorias. Resultados: En cuanto al período de la encuesta en el que se obtuvieron datos de mayo de 2018 a agosto de 2019, los resultados indican que de mayo a diciembre de 2018, 263 casos fueron afectados en el hospital y en 2019 huboun aumento enel número de casos y se reportaron 373 registros. Se obtuvieron lo ssiguientes resultados: en 2018, la tasa más alta de infección fue causada por la influenza a una tasadel 17%, y en 2019 se mantuvoenlamismatasa porcentual y ocupó el segundo lugar. Seguido de tuberculosis, donde el 15% de los casos notificados se registraron en 2018. En comparación con 2019 (19%) hu boun aumento del 4% en el número de personas afectadas, ocupando el primer lugar enel ranking de enfermedades notificadas. Seguido por el virus del SIDA donde se registró el 8% de los casos registrados, en comparación con 2019 (6%) se observó hasta ahora una disminución del 2% en el número de casos. Conclusión: Estos datos son muy importantes para el conocimiento epidemiológico de la población, ya que dilucidan las tasas de casos más altas y disminuy en otras enfermedades relacionadas con este estudio, sus enfermedades y su tratamiento.(AU)

Páramos Neotropicales como unidades biogeográficas

Introducción: El Páramo se ha definido desde diversos acercamientos, teniendo en cuenta factores de fácil reconocimiento o medición. A nivel biogeográfico se ha evaluado con métodos ampliamente criticados para la identificación de áreas de endemismo. El análisis de endemicidad, pese a su importancia y amplio reconocimiento, no se ha utilizado como herramienta para evaluar el Páramo. Objetivo: Determinar si los páramos neotropicales es una o varias unidades biogeográficas. Métodos: Incluimos registros de Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta y Spermatophyta, para los que encontramos 7 025 especies con 193 250 presencias viables obtenidas desde GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) [a septiembre de 2018]. Usamos cada grupo taxonómico como una partición independiente, y generamos particiones adicionales como plantas totales (Plantas-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), animales totales (Animales-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia) y evidencia total (Plantas-T + Animales-T). Utilizamos el criterio de optimalidad para identificar áreas de endemismo. Realizamos el análisis usando dos tamaños de cuadrícula 0.5 y 0.25°. Con las áreas obtenidas, calculamos la intersección con los polígonos que representan las definiciones de páramo generadas por otros autores. Resultados: Con los dos tamaños de cuadrícula identificamos áreas de endemismo en diferentes sectores; sin embargo, el tamaño de 0.25° nos permitió mayor resolución al identificar los sectores en alta montaña. Estos sectores corresponden a ocho zonas que denominamos subprovincias: Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Cordillera Central-Occidental, Norte de Ecuador, Centro-Sur de Ecuador y Talamanca, las cuales fueron congruentes entre un 4 y un 66 % con las definiciones previas. Conclusiones: Páramo se ha planteado como una sola unidad biogeográfica; sin embargo, dado nuestros análisis, lo identificamos como ocho subprovincias biogeográficas, congruentes con estudios previamente publicados.

Neotropical páramos as biogeographic units. Introduction: Páramo has been defined from various points of view, which take into account different factors that are easy to recognize or measure, nevertheless at the biogeographic level it has been evaluated with criticized methods used to identify historical units. The analysis of endemicity, despite its importance and wide recognition, has not been used as a tool to evaluate Páramo. Objective: Determine whether the neotropical Páramo is one or several biogeographic units. Methods: We included distributional records from Aves, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia, Marchantiophyta, and Spermatophyta. We found 7 025 species with 193 250 suitable occurrences obtained from the GBIF. We used each taxonomic group as an independent partition or as a component of a larger partition, such as total plants (Plants-T: Marchantiophyta + Spermatophyta), or total animals (Animals-T: Aves + Amphibia + Mammalia + Reptilia), or total evidence (Plants-T + Animals-T). In order to identify areas of endemism, we used the optimality criterion (NDM/VNDM) with grids of 0.5° or 0.25°. We calculated the intersection among polygons of previous definitions and the areas recovered in our analyses. Results: Both grid sizes, 0.25° and 0.5°, identified areas of endemism in different sectors along the Andean and Central American cordilleras, but only the 0.25° size allowed us to recognize areas/sectors with a higher resolution. We recovered eight areas, which were considered as subprovinces (Santa Marta-Perijá, Mérida, Santanderes-Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Central-Western Cordillera, Northern Ecuador, Central-South Ecuador, and Talamanca). These areas were between 4 and 66 % consistent with previous definitions. Conclusions: Páramo has been considered a single biogeographic unit, however, given our analyses we identified it as a unit composed of eight biogeographic subprovinces, which is consistent with some published studies.

Algunas variables epidemiológicas relacionadas con la toxoplasmosis en mujeres en edad fértil en Riobamba / Some epidemiological variables associated to toxoplasmosis in women of childbearing age from Riobamba

Introducción: la toxoplasmosis adquirida durante por la mujer en edad fértil es un problema aun sin comprender por la comunidad y decisores de los sistemas de salud. En Ecuador existen datos pocos consistentes de la circulación de esta parasitosis, por lo que, ampliar el conocimiento sobre las variables que favorecen su adquisición es de gran interés. Objetivo: determinar la seroprevalencia de la toxoplasmosis en mujeres jóvenes y su relación con variables epidemiológicas. Métodos: Se ensayaron 403 muestras de sueros de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, se evaluó el comportamiento serológico de Toxoplasma gondii mediante la determinación de IgG anti Toxoplasma gondii utilizando un método inmunoenzimática, se determinó su relación con hábitos alimentarios, convivencia con animales y conocimiento del riesgo de ser seronegativas al momento de decidir de tener hijos. Resultados: El 26,8 por ciento (108/403) de la muestra resultó seropositivas al Toxoplasma gondii; la vía oral, la forma de adquirir la enfermedad más significativa, se demuestra la relación entre seroprevalencia y convivencia con animales de corral y mascotas. El 73,9 por ciento (298/403) de las encuestadas desconocen que las seronegativas durante el embarazo representan un riesgo potencial. Conclusiones: Se demuestra anticuerpos anti Toxoplasma gondii en sangre de las muestras estudiadas, lo que orienta a infecciones anteriores con Toxoplasma gondii y la influencia de variables estudiadas(AU)

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis acquired by women of childbearing age is a problem still not understood by the community and decision makers from health systems. Few consistent data are available in Ecuador about the circulation of this parasitic infection. Therefore, it is of great interest to broaden knowledge about the variables leading to its acquisition. Objective: Determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among young women and its relationship to epidemiological variables. Methods: A study was conducted of 403 serum samples from students attending the School of Health Sciences of the National University of Chimborazo. Serological behavior of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated by determination of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG using an enzyme immunoassay. Identification was made of its relationship to eating habits, keeping animals at home, and knowledge about the risk of being seronegative when deciding to have children. Results: Of the total sample, 26.8 percent (108/403) were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii. The oral route was the most significant mode of acquisition of the disease. A relationship was found between seroprevalence and keeping yard animals and pets. 73.9 percent (298/403) of the respondents were not aware that seronegative results during pregnancy constitute a potential risk. Conclusions: Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in blood of the samples studied, pointing to the existence of previous Toxoplasma gondii infections and the influence of the variables analyzed(AU)

Schistosomiasis: an epidemiological update on Brazils southernmost low endemic area in Esteio

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil's southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul (RGS), was considered schistosomiasis-free until 1998 when a low endemic focus was identified in Esteio, a city located next to the capital of RGS. In the last two decades, the control interventions applied in the region have been apparently successful, and the absence of new cases indicated the possibility of interrupted schistosomiasis transmission. The objective of this study was to update the clinical and epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Esteio. METHODS: We reviewed all 28 individuals diagnosed with the infection since 1997 and a survey was applied to a group of 29 school-aged children residing in Vila Pedreira, one of the most affected neighborhoods. RESULTS No eggs were detected in fecal samples using the Helmintex method, and all samples were negative for serum antibodies on examination by the western blot technique using the Schistosoma mansoni microsomal antigen (MAMA- WB). In contrast, 23 individuals (79%) tested positive for the cathodic circulating antigen with the point-of-care immunochromatographic test (POC-CCA) on urine samples. Of the 28 formerly infected individuals, only eight were located, of which four tested positive, and four tested negative for serum antibodies using the MAMA-WB technique. CONCLUSIONS: Current adverse conditions for S. mansoni transmission in Esteio and the absence of a confirmed diagnosis suggests that there is (i) a lack of specificity of the POC-CCA test in low endemic settings, and (ii) a high probability that interruption of schistosomiasis has been achieved in Esteio.

Incidence of leprosy in Firozabad district (Uttar Pradesh)

Objective: To assess incidence of leprosy in Firozabad District (U.P.). Materials and Methods: A random sample of 148,061 population was covered by this second survey, spread over 259 units (230 rural/29 urban). The survey was conducted between March 2011 and November 2012. Clinically confirmed cases detected in known disease-free population were labeled as incident cases and treated. Results: The overall incidence rate of leprosy was found to be 3.4 per 10,000 person years; In healthy contacts it was 3.1, in paucibacillary contacts 29.7 while it was 89.3 in multibacillary contacts. The differences in incidence rate of these three groups were significant (P < 0.001). Incidence rate was significantly higher by age; 1.1 in persons <15 years to 8.0 in those >44 years of age, and in high endemicity areas with three or more cases. In terms of incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval), the incidence for ages 15–24 years was 3.2 times significantly higher than for those under 15 years, 5.3 times (4.3–6.5) in ages 30–44 years and 7.0 times (5.6–8.7) for age ≥45 years. Incidence rate ratio was also significantly higher in paucibacillary contacts, by 9.5 times (7.0–13.0) and 27.7 times (18.8–40.6) in multibacillary contacts, as compared to healthy controls. Incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) was significantly higher by 2.9 times (2.4–3.5) in areas with endemicity status of 3 to 5 cases and by 2.0 times (1.6–2.5) in areas with >5 cases as compared to areas with no endemicity. It was 2.4 times more (1.6–3.5) in Narkhi, 2.4 times higher (1.7–3.5) in Tundla and 3.0 times higher (2.1–4.5) in Aravon blocks than in Aeka block of the district. Incidence rate was also found to be significantly higher (3.7) among females, 1.3 times higher (1.1–1.5) than in males (2.9). Incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) was also 2.5 times higher (1.2–5.1) among persons having reported disease of greater than 4 years in comparison to 1.5 in persons having disease for 2 to 3 years. Limitations of Study: None to the best of our knowledge. Conclusion: The present study suggests that incidence rate of leprosy is significantly higher among persons of above 15 years, in females, among contacts of paucibacillary/multibacillary disease, in areas where >3 leprosy cases were found and in Tundla, Narkhi and Aravon blocks in Firozabad district.

Incidence of leprosy in Firozabad district (Uttar Pradesh)

Objective: To assess incidence of leprosy in Firozabad District (U.P.). Materials and Methods: A random sample of 148,061 population was covered by this second survey, spread over 259 units (230 rural/29 urban). The survey was conducted between March 2011 and November 2012. Clinically confirmed cases detected in known disease-free population were labeled as incident cases and treated. Results: The overall incidence rate of leprosy was found to be 3.4 per 10,000 person years; In healthy contacts it was 3.1, in paucibacillary contacts 29.7 while it was 89.3 in multibacillary contacts. The differences in incidence rate of these three groups were significant (P < 0.001). Incidence rate was significantly higher by age; 1.1 in persons <15 years to 8.0 in those >44 years of age, and in high endemicity areas with three or more cases. In terms of incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval), the incidence for ages 15–24 years was 3.2 times significantly higher than for those under 15 years, 5.3 times (4.3–6.5) in ages 30–44 years and 7.0 times (5.6–8.7) for age ≥45 years. Incidence rate ratio was also significantly higher in paucibacillary contacts, by 9.5 times (7.0–13.0) and 27.7 times (18.8–40.6) in multibacillary contacts, as compared to healthy controls. Incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) was significantly higher by 2.9 times (2.4–3.5) in areas with endemicity status of 3 to 5 cases and by 2.0 times (1.6–2.5) in areas with >5 cases as compared to areas with no endemicity. It was 2.4 times more (1.6–3.5) in Narkhi, 2.4 times higher (1.7–3.5) in Tundla and 3.0 times higher (2.1–4.5) in Aravon blocks than in Aeka block of the district. Incidence rate was also found to be significantly higher (3.7) among females, 1.3 times higher (1.1–1.5) than in males (2.9). Incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) was also 2.5 times higher (1.2–5.1) among persons having reported disease of greater than 4 years in comparison to 1.5 in persons having disease for 2 to 3 years. Limitations of Study: None to the best of our knowledge. Conclusion: The present study suggests that incidence rate of leprosy is significantly higher among persons of above 15 years, in females, among contacts of paucibacillary/multibacillary disease, in areas where >3 leprosy cases were found and in Tundla, Narkhi and Aravon blocks in Firozabad district.

Prevalencia de toxoplasmosis en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo en Ecuador / Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in students of the National University of Chimborazo in Ecuador

Introducción: La infección por Toxoplasma gondii durante la edad fértil de la mujer, es un problema de salud no bien entendido en la población, círculos médicos y decisores dentro de los sistemas de salud; al no considerar importante las formas de adquirirla y el riesgo que implica infectarse durante el embarazo. En Ecuador no existen datos consistentes de la circulación y endemicidad de esta parasitosis, siendo esta la situación problémica el motivo de este trabajo. Objetivo: Conocer la seroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en mujeres jóvenes en edad fértil y su relación con el nivel de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad. Métodos: Se evaluó el comportamiento serológico de T. gondii en 105 muestras de sueros de alumnas de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo de la Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico e Histopatológico, mediante la determinación de IgG anti T. gondii utilizando la Técnica de Quimioluminiscencia. Resultados: 38 alumnas (36,0 por ciento) resultaron ser positivas para anticuerpos contra T. gondii, lo que indica el contacto con el parásito en algún momento de su vida. La falta de conocimiento sobre las principales vías de contagio puede ser la causa de la seropositividad demostrada, lo que representa un riesgo para las seronegativas durante el embarazo. Conclusiones: Se demuestra seroprevalencia de la infección por T. gondii en la población estudiada y la endemicidad del parásito(AU)

Introduction : Toxoplasma gondii is the infection that occurs during the fertile age of women and is a health problem not well understood by the people, doctors and leaders of the health systems of some countries; as it does not consider important the ways of acquiring it and the risk involved in becoming infected during pregnancy. In Ecuador there aren´t consistent data on the circulation and endemicity of this parasitosis, being this problematic situation the reason for this work. Objective : The purpose of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in young women of childbearing age and their relation with the level of knowledge about the disease. Methods: The serological behavior of T. gondii was evaluated in 105 samples of sera from the National University of Chimborazo of the Clinical and Histopathological Laboratory, by the determination of IgG anti T. gondii using the Chemiluminescence Technique. Results: Of the study population, 38 students (36.0 percent) were found to be positive for antibodies to T. gondii, indicating contact with the parasite at some point in their life. The demonstrated seropositivity may be due to the lack of knowledge about the main routes of infection, the risk of being seronegative during pregnancy and the high endemicity of the parasite. Conclusions : The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in the studied population were demonstrated(AU)

A new species of Copionodon lacking a free orbital rim (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

A new species of the copionodontine genus Copionodon is described from the upper reaches of a tributary to the rio Paraguaçu in the Diamantina Plateau, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. This species represents the northernmost occurrence of the subfamily yet known. The new species can be readily recognized by its large eye without a free orbital rim. Other characters such as the entirely cartilaginous second hypobranchial, and the uniformly broad irregular midlateral dark band further diagnose the new taxon. Its particular combination of characters is superficially intermediate between Copionodon and Glaphyropoma. Detailed analysis, however, indicates that it forms a monophyletic group with species of Copionodon and therefore it should be included in that genus.(AU)

Uma nova espécie do gênero Copionodon, subfamília Copionodontinae, é descrita para o trecho superior de um tributário do Rio Paraguaçu na Chapada Diamantina, Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. Este registro representa a ocorrência mais ao norte de Copionodontinae até agora conhecido. A nova espécie pode ser facilmente reconhecida por ter olho grande sem margem orbital livre. Outras características como o segundo hipo-branquial inteiramente cartilaginoso e uma faixa escura lateral irregular de largura uniforme também servem para diagnosticar o táxon. A combinação particular de caracteres do novo táxon é superficialmente intermediária entre Copionodon e Glaphyropoma. Entretanto, uma análise mais detalhada indica que forma um grupo monofilético com Copionodon e portanto deve ser incluída neste gênero.(AU)

Evaluación de análisis de endemicidad y PAE para identificar trazos generalizados, a partir de las serpientes del estado de Hidalgo, México / Evaluation of PAE and endemicity analysis for identifying generalized tracks using snakes in Hidalgo, Mexico

Resumen:Uno de los conceptos centrales en la Panbiogeografía es el trazo generalizado, el cual representa una biota ancestral que se ha fragmentado por eventos geológicos y puede recuperarse a través de distintos métodos, que incluyen el análisis de simplicidad de endemismos (PAE) y el análisis de endemicidad (AE). El PAE es un método frecuentemente utilizado para la identificación de trazos generalizados, mientras que el AE fue diseñado para encontrar áreas de endemismo, pero recientemente se ha usado también para identificar trazos generalizados. En este trabajo se evaluaron ambos métodos para la identificación de los trazos generalizados a partir de los datos de 84 serpientes distribuidas en el estado de Hidalgo, México. Con el PAE se obtuvo un trazo generalizado formado por tres trazos individuales (Agkistrodon taylori, Crotalus totonacus y Pliocercus elapoides), que corresponden a sinapomorfías que apoyan al clado principal. La prueba de robustez estadística mostró un soporte del 89 %, mientras que con el AE se identificaron dos áreas de endemismo con valores del índice de endemicidad de 2.71-2.96 y 2.84- 3.09 respectivamente, las cuales fueron transformadas a trazos generalizados; el primero formado por tres trazos individuales (Micrurus bernadi, Rhadinaea marcellae y R. quinquelineata) y el segundo formado por dos trazos individuales (Geophis mutitorques y Thamnophis sumichrasti). Estos trazos generalizados pueden considerarse un solo patrón de distribución, dada la cercanía geográfica y su topología. Al compararse los métodos se observó que ambos son útiles para la identificación de trazos generalizados, y aunque son independientes, se sugiere su uso de manera complementaria. Sin embargo, para una correcta aplicación e interpretación de los resultados, es necesario considerar las bases teóricas de cada método, así como la correcta elección del tamaño de las unidades de estudio. En el caso particular del AE si se utilizan tamaños de celda pequeños éstos pueden resultar ideales para la búsqueda de patrones biogeográficos a través de límites geopolíticos y esta información puede favorecer la realización de pro- puestas de conservación a nivel estatal que consideren a las especies con distribuciones restringidas, pues la pérdida de éstas representaría la extinción de linajes únicos.

Abstract:One of the most important concepts in Panbiogeography is the generalized track, which represents an ancestral biota fragmented by geological events that can be recovered through several methods, including Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and endemicity analysis (EA). PAE has been frequently used to identify generalized tracks, while EA is primarily designed to find areas of endemicity, but has been recently proposed for identifying generalized tracks as well. In this study we evaluated these methods to find generalized tracks using the distribution of the 84 snake species of Hidalgo. PAE found one generalized track from three individual tracks (Agkistrodon taylori, Crotalus totonacus and Pliocercus elapoides), supported by 89 % of Bootstrap, and EA identified two generalized tracks, with endemicity index values of 2.71-2.96 and 2.84-3.09, respectively. Those areas were transformed to generalized tracks. The first generalized track was retrieved from three individual tracks (Micrurus bernadi, Rhadinaea marcellae and R. quinquelineata), and the second was recovered from two individual tracks (Geophis mutitorques and Thamnophis sumichrasti). These generalized tracks can be considered a unique distribution pattern, because they resembled each other and agreed in shape. When comparing both methods, we noted that both are useful for identifying generalized tracks, and although they can be used independently, we suggest their complementary use. Nevertheless, to obtain accurate results, it is useful to consider theoretical bases of both methods, along with an appropriate choice of the size of the area. Results using small-grid size in EA are ideal for searching biogeographical patterns within geopolitical limits. Furthermore, they can be used for conservation proposals at state level where endemic species become irreplaceable, and where losing them would imply the extinction of unique lineages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1611-1624. Epub 2016 December 01.

Allelic Diversity of MSP1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum from Rural and Urban Areas of Gabon

The present study determined and compared the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains infecting children living in 2 areas from Gabon with different malaria endemicity. Blood samples were collected from febrile children from 2008 to 2009 in 2 health centres from rural (Oyem) and urban (Owendo) areas. Genetic diversity was determined in P. falciparum isolates by analyzing the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1) gene polymorphism using nested-PCR. Overall, 168 children with mild falciparum malaria were included. K1, Ro33, and Mad20 alleles were found in 110 (65.5%), 94 (55.9%), and 35 (20.8%) isolates, respectively, without difference according to the site (P>0.05). Allelic families' frequencies were comparable between children less than 5 years old from the 2 sites; while among the older children the proportions of Ro33 and Mad20 alleles were 1.7 to 2.0 fold higher at Oyem. Thirty-three different alleles were detected, 16 (48.5%) were common to both sites, and 10 out of the 17 specific alleles were found at Oyem. Furthermore, multiple infection carriers were frequent at Oyem (57.7% vs 42.2% at Owendo; P=0.04) where the complexity of infection was of 1.88 (+/-0.95) higher compared to that found at Owendo (1.55+/-0.75). Extended genetic diversity of P. falciparum strains infecting Gabonese symptomatic children and high multiplicity of infections were observed in rural area. Alleles common to the 2 sites were frequent; the site-specific alleles predominated in the rural area. Such distribution of the alleles should be taken into accounts when designing MSP1 or MSP2 malaria vaccine.

Epidemiología del ofidismo en Venezuela (1996-2004) / Epidemiology of ophidism in Venezuela (1996-2004)

Se analizaron los datos de accidentes por serpientes, registrados en las estadísticas de morbilidad de la Dirección de Epidemiología y Análisis Estratégico del Ministerio de Sanidad y Desarrollo Social. En Venezuela, entre los años 1996-2004, se registraron 53.792 mordeduras de serpientes (5.976 casos, en promedio, por año); con mayor incidencia en 2004 (7.486 incidentes). De todos los estados, Zulia reportó la mayor frecuencia (5.975 casos); mientras que la región Centro-Occidental, constituida por los estados Lara, Portuguesa, Falcón y Yaracuy, tuvo mayor morbilidad por mordeduras con 13.426. La mayor tasa por ofidismo, distribuida por estados, se registró en Cojedes, en el año 2001, con 228,72 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Cuando se determinó por regiones la mayor se ubicó, en 2004, en los Llanos, con 63,81 por 100.000 habitantes. La mediana de la tasa de incidencia para Venezuela en el periodo fue de 24,46 accidentes por 100.000 habitantes. La clasificación de las áreas de endemicidad por ofidismo, según los percentiles 25, 50, 75 y 90, ordenó al país en: (a) estados y regiones de muy alta endemicidad, (b) alta endemicidad, (c) mediana, (d) baja y (e) muy baja endemicidad. Las cifras indicaron que los accidentes causados por serpientes constituyen un problema de salud colectiva en Venezuela.

The data of accidents caused by snakebites in Venezuela, registered at the morbidity statistics of the Direction of Epidemiology and Strategic Analysis of the Ministry of Health and Social Development were analyzed. During the years of 1996-2004, 53,792 snakebites were registered in Venezuela (5,976 cases average per year), with a higher incidence during the year 2004 (7,486 incidents). Zulia reported the highest frequency of all the states (5,975 cases); meanwhile the Midwestern region, constituted by Lara, Portuguesa, Falcón and Yaracuy states, had a higher morbidity for snake bites. The highest incidence, distributed per states was registered in Cojedes, during the year 2001, with 228.72 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. When it was determined by regions, the highest incidence occurred during the year 2004 at los Llanos with 63.81 per 100,000 inhabitants. The median of the incidence rate for Venezuela during the period was of 21.46 accidents per 100,000 inhabitants. The classification of the endemic areas for ophidism, according to the percentiles 23, 50, 75 and 90, organized the country in: (a) states and regions of very high endemicity, (b) high endemicity, (c) middle, (d) low and (e) very low endemicity. These epidemiological data indicated that the accidents caused by snakes constitute a collective health problem in Venezuela.

Regionalización biogeográfica de la mastofauna de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica / Biogeographic regionalization of the mammals of tropical evergreen forests in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a biologically complex zone that expands from Southern Mexico to extreme Northern Colombia. The biogeographical patterns and relationships of the mammalian fauna associated to the Mesoamerican Tropical Evergreen Forest (MTEF) are poorly understood, in spite of the wide distribution of this kind of habitat in the region. We compiled a complete georeferenced database of mammalian species distributed in the MTEF of specimens from museum collections and scientific literature. This database was used to create potential distribution maps through the use of environmental niche models (ENMs) by using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) using 22 climatic and topographic layers. Each map was used as a representation of the geographic distribution of the species and all available maps were summed to obtain general patterns of species richness in the region. Also, the maps were used to construct a presence-absence matrix in a grid of squares of 0.5 degrees of side, that was analyzed in a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), which resulted in a hypothesis of the biogeographic scheme in the region. We compiled a total of 41 527 records of 233 species of mammals associated to the MTEF. The maximum concentration of species richness (104-138 species) is located in the areas around the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Chiapas-Western Guatemala, Western Honduras, Central Nicaragua to Northwestern Costa Rica and Western Panama. The proposed regionalization indicates that mammalian faunas associated to these forests are composed of two main groups that are divided by the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca in: a) a Northern group that includes Sierra Madre of Chiapas-Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula; and b) an austral group, that contains the Pacific slope of Chiapas towards the South including Central America. Some individual phylogenetic studies of mammal species in the region support the relationships between the areas of endemism proposed, which suggest a common biogeographical history. in spite that Mesoamerica is considered one of the most important hotspots for biological conservation, the poor knowledge of the biogeographic patterns, the scarcity of protected areas, and the high rate of habitat transformation due to human activities, make prioritary the development of conservation strategies that include patterns of species richness, endemism, and mammalian associations.

Este trabajo presenta una propuesta de regionalización biogeográfica de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica, resultado de un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE), utilizando modelos de nicho ecológico (GARP) con mamíferos terrestres, usando 41 527 registros para las 233 especies de mamíferos reconocidas. La regionalización propuesta muestra que los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica se dividen por el istmo de Tehuantepec en Oaxaca en: a) un grupo septentrional que comprende la Sierra Madre de Chiapas-Guatemala y la Península de Yucatán, y b) un grupo austral, que contiene la vertiente pacífica hacia el sur incluyendo Centroamérica. Además se encontró congruencia con trabajos filogenéticos, lo que sugiere una historia biogeográfica común.

Schistosomiasis in Ipogun: Update Assessment on Endemicity and Efficacy of Praziquantel in Chemotherapy.

Aims: To assess the present endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis among school aged pupils in Ipogun, a notable endemic village in Ondo state, Nigeria and also the efficacy of single dose Praziquantel in chemotherapy. Study Design: The overall goal of the study was to assess the current endemicity status and efficacy of Praziquantel in treatment at the standard dose of 40mg/kg body weight. Mass screening was conducted in all primary schools in the village after informed consent had been sought from their parents, teachers and the village king. The only age bracket excluded in the study were the under 3 year old. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between January and June 2012. Methodology: Urine samples were collected from 567 pupils from five different primary schools in the village and examined for schistosome eggs using centrifugation method. Infected pupils at the first screening exercise were treated with single dose Praziquantel (40mg/kg body weight) and re-examined 3 weeks after treatment to assess cure rate. Results: Results revealed that 100 pupils were positive at the first screening giving a prevalence rate of 18% and post-treatment urinalysis showed that 80 of the previously infected pupils were negative three weeks after initial treatment giving 80% parasitological cure rate. Infection was higher among male pupils than the female and pupils from schools that were close to the village river had the highest prevalence of infection. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that prevalence of infection had reduced remarkably among the pupils in the village and that Praziquantel is still effective and remains a reliable drug of choice in chemotherapy in the study area.

Estudo comparativo da acurácia de diferentes técnicas para o diagnóstico laboratorial da esquistossomose mansoni em áreas de baixa endemicidade / Comparative study of the accuracy of different techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in low endemicity areas

INTRODUÇÃO: A esquistossomose se constitui em grande problema de saúde pública, sendo que estimativas apontam para 200 milhões de pessoas infectadas no mundo. No Brasil atinge 19 unidades federadas, apresentando áreas de alta e média endemicidade e, em uma grande extensão, áreas de baixa endemicidade. O município de Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, apresenta uma prevalência estimada de 1%. As áreas de baixa endemicidade (ABE) representam um novo desafio para o controle dessa helmintose, pois cerca de 75% dos indivíduos infectados são assintomáticos e cursam com infecções de baixa carga parasitária (<100 ovos por grama de fezes), ocorrendo uma diminuição da sensibilidade das técnicas parasitológicas de fezes, que são referência para o diagnóstico laboratorial dessa helmintose. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho das técnicas de Kato-Katz (KK) e Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HH), do ensaio de ELISA-IgG e ELISA-IgM, da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), da técnica de qPCR TaqMan® em amostras de fezes e de soro (qPCR-fezes e qPCR-soro), tendo como referência a Reação Periovular (RPO), por meio de inquérito epidemiológico para obtenção de amostras de fezes e soro de indivíduos randomizados residentes nos bairros de Cantagalo, Nova Esperança, Santa Clara, São Luiz e Siderlândia, Barra Mansa/RJ. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, no período de abril a dezembro de 2011, de amostragem probabilística, sendo coletadas 610 amostras de fezes e 612 amostras de soro. As técnicas de investigação diagnóstica laboratorial foram: KK e HH, ELISA-IgG e ELISA-IgM, RIFI-IgM, RPO, qPCR-fezes e qPCR-soro. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se os seguintes resultados, obtidos das diferentes técnicas diagnósticas: KK e HH, 0,8% (n=5); ELISA-IgG, 11,6% (n=71); ELISA-IgM, 21,4% (n=131); RIFI-IgM, 15,8 (n=97); RPO, 5,4% (n=33); qPCR-fezes, 9,8% (n=60);...

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, and estimates suggest that 200 million people are infected worldwide. In Brazil, it is reported in 19 federal units, showing areas of high and medium endemicity and a wide range of areas of low endemicity. Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has an estimated prevalence of 1%. Areas of low endemicity (ALE) represent a new challenge for the helminth control because about 75% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and infections occur with low parasite load (< 100 eggs per gram of feces), causing a decrease in sensitivity of stool parasitological techniques, which are a reference for the laboratory diagnosis of this helminth. OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the techniques of Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HH), ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM, the Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique (IFT) and the qPCR technique in samples of serum and stool (qPCR in feces and serum) using the Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) as reference, and epidemiological survey to obtain stool samples and sera from randomized residents in the neighborhoods of Cantagalo, Nova Esperança, Santa Clara, São Luiz and Siderlândia, Barra Mansa/RJ. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted from April to December 2011, using a probabilistic sampling that collected 610 fecal samples and 612 serum samples. The laboratory diagnostic techniques used were: KK and HH, ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM, IFA-IgM, COPT, qPCR-stool and qPCR-serum. RESULTS: We obtained the following results from different diagnostic techniques: KK and HH, 0.8% (n=5); ELISA-IgG, 11.6% (n=71); ELISA-IgM, 21.4% (n=131); IFA-IgM 15.8 (n=97); RPO 5.4% (n=33); qPCR-stools, 9.8% (n=60) and qPCR-serum, 1 5% (n=9). ELISA-IgM (21.4%) presented the highest positivity while the techniques of HH and KK were the least sensitive to indicate the presence of infection (0.8%). In comparison with COPT, except for qPCR-serum, all other techniques showed a...

Safety of polyethylene glycol recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in treating non-small cell lung cancer patients at I b stage

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate resistance and safety of HHPG-19K in treating non-small cell lung cancer patients.@*METHODS@#A total of 30 cases were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups: three HHPG-19K groups of different dosage (60 μg/kg/day, 100 μg/kg/day, 200 μg/kg/day), positive control group (Filgrastim, namely G-CSF5 μg/kg/day) and negative control group. Safety indexes of 5 groups were observed and compared.@*RESULTS@#All patients had adverse event (100%) in three HHPG-19K groups, and increased ALP, ALT and AST were main events. The degree was mild to moderate. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse event between dosage groups and positive control group no difference. But the incidence of negative control group was 13%, which was significantly lower than dosage groups and positive control group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#non-small cell lung cancer patients have satisfactory tolerance to HHPG-19K, and have no resistance. Besides, dosage at 100 μ g/kg is the most safe.

Polymerase chain reaction for the evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni infection in two low endemicity areas of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of schistosomiasis in areas with low endemicity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a diagnostic method. We analysed faecal samples from 219 individuals residing in Piau and Coronel Pacheco, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using a single faecal sample from each individual and two slides of the Kato-Katz technique as a gold standard. Fifteen out of the 219 samples were positive with both methods of diagnosis. One sample was diagnosed as positive by the Kato-Katz technique only and 61 were diagnosed only by PCR. The positivity rates were 7.3% with the Kato-Katz method and 34.7% with PCR. When both techniques were assumed to have 100% specificity and positive individuals were identified by both methods, the sensitivity of the Kato-Katz method was 20.8% and the PCR sensitivity was 98.7%. The Kappa index between the two techniques was 0.234, suggesting weak agreement. The assessment of a single faecal sample by PCR detected more cases of infection than the analysis of one sample with two slides using the Kato-Katz technique, suggesting that PCR can be a useful diagnostic tool, particularly in areas with low endemicity.

Comparison of the Kato-Katz and Helmintex methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in a low-intensity transmission focus in Bandeirantes, Paraná, southern Brazil

The diagnosis of schistosomiasis is problematic in low-intensity transmission areas because parasitological methods lack sensitivity and molecular methods are neither widely available nor extensively validated. Helmintex is a method for isolating eggs from large faecal samples. We report preliminary results of a comparative evaluation of the Helmintex and Kato-Katz (KK) methods for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in a low-intensity transmission area in Bandeirantes, Paraná, southern Brazil. Eggs were detected by both methods in seven patients, whereas only Helmintex yielded positive results in four individuals. The results confirm the previously demonstrated higher sensitivity of the Helmintex method compared with the KK method.

Risks of endemicity, morbidity and perspectives regarding the control of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region

Chagas disease, in the Amazon Region as elsewhere, can be considered an enzootic disease of wild animals or an anthropozoonosis, an accidental disease of humans that is acquired when humans penetrate a wild ecosystem or when wild triatomines invade human dwellings attracted by light or searching for human blood. The risk of endemic Chagas disease in the Amazon Region is associated with the following phenomena: (i) extensive deforestation associated with the displacement of wild mammals, which are the normal sources of blood for triatomines, (ii) adaptation of wild triatomines to human dwellings due to the need for a new source of blood for feeding and (iii) uncontrolled migration of human populations and domestic animals that are already infected with Trypanosoma cruzi from areas endemic for Chagas disease to the Amazon Region. Several outbreaks of severe acute cases of Chagas disease, as well as chronic cases, have been described in the Amazon Region. Control measures targeted to avoiding endemic Chagas disease in the Amazon Region should be the following: improving health education in communities, training public health officials and communities for vector and Chagas disease surveillance and training local physicians to recognise and treat acute and chronic cases of Chagas diseases as soon as possible.